Top 10 Dream Retirement Destinations Around the World: An In-Depth Guide
Retiring is an exciting yet daunting prospect. Where to retire is a question that keeps many future retirees awake at night. The dream retirement destination varies from person to person, depending on individual preferences and lifestyle. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the top 10 retirement destinations that offer an idyllic living experience for retirees around the world.
Costa Rica
With its tropical climate, beautiful beaches, and affordable cost of living, Costa Rica is a popular retirement destination. Sustainable living is at the core of this Central American nation’s ethos.
Panama
A blend of modernity and tradition, Panama offers retirees an affordable cost of living and a high standard of medical care. The country’s tropical climate, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture make it an ideal retirement destination.
Mexico
Mexico’s warm climate, rich culture, and low cost of living make it a top retirement destination for many. Retirees can enjoy delicious Mexican cuisine, beautiful beaches, and vibrant local communities.
Ecuador: The Land of Endless Summer
Ecuador’s equatorial climate means that it enjoys a year-round summer. It also offers an affordable cost of living and excellent healthcare facilities. The country is rich in biodiversity, making it perfect for nature lovers.
5. France
For those who want to retire in a country steeped in history and culture, France is an excellent choice. The country offers world-class healthcare, a high standard of living, and a rich cultural heritage.
6. Italy
From the Amalfi Coast to Tuscany, Italy offers retirees a wealth of culture and history. The country’s healthcare system is one of the best in Europe, making it an attractive retirement destination for many.
7. Portugal
With its sunny climate, beautiful beaches, and affordable cost of living, Portugal is a popular retirement destination for Europeans and expats alike. The country’s excellent healthcare system and vibrant local communities add to its allure.
8. Thailand
Thailand’s tropical climate, beautiful temples, and rich culture make it an attractive retirement destination for many. The country offers a low cost of living and excellent healthcare facilities.
9. New Zealand
For those who want to retire in a scenic and peaceful location, New Zealand is an excellent choice. The country’s clean air, beautiful landscapes, and high standard of living make it a popular retirement destination for many.
10. Spain
Spain’s beautiful beaches, rich history, and affordable cost of living make it an ideal retirement destination for many. Retirees can enjoy delicious Spanish cuisine, beautiful architecture, and a high standard of healthcare.
I. Introduction
Retirement is a significant milestone in life, marking the end of an active career and the beginning of a new chapter filled with relaxation, adventure, and exploration. Choosing a retirement destination is an essential decision that requires careful consideration. A retirement destination refers to a place where individuals choose to live out their golden years, often in search of favorable conditions that cater to their lifestyle preferences and financial needs. The choice of retirement destination can significantly impact one’s quality of life during the retirement years.
Factors to Consider
Several factors influence the decision-making process for choosing a retirement destination. Some of these factors include:
- Climate: A favorable climate is crucial for many retirees, with some preferring warm weather year-round, while others may prefer a change of seasons.
- Cost of living: A low cost of living is a significant consideration for retirees on a fixed income, as it allows them to stretch their budgets further.
- Healthcare: Access to quality healthcare is essential, especially for retirees who may have health issues or chronic conditions.
- Culture and community: A vibrant cultural scene and a sense of belonging are essential components of an enjoyable retirement experience.
- Safety: Living in a safe environment is important for peace of mind and overall well-being.
Purpose of the Article
In this article, we will explore the top 10 dream retirement destinations around the world based on these factors. From exotic locales to affordable havens, we will provide a brief overview of each destination and what makes it an ideal retirement choice for different types of retirees.
Algarve, Portugal
With its Mediterranean climate and stunning beaches, Algarve offers retirees an affordable and enjoyable lifestyle.
Costa Rica
Known for its lush rainforests and diverse wildlife, Costa Rica is an eco-friendly retirement destination with a low cost of living.
Lake Chapala, Mexico
With its pleasant climate and vibrant community, Lake Chapala is a popular retirement destination for expats seeking an affordable lifestyle.
Cancun, Mexico
For retirees seeking sun and adventure, Cancun offers a diverse cultural scene, world-class healthcare, and a warm climate.
5. Phuket, Thailand
With its tropical climate and low cost of living, Phuket is an attractive retirement destination for budget-conscious retirees.
6. Panama City, Panama
Offering a balance of modern amenities and natural beauty, Panama City is an ideal retirement destination for retirees seeking a vibrant lifestyle.
7. Lake Atitlan, Guatemala
With its beautiful lake and affordable cost of living, Lake Atitlan is an ideal retirement destination for retirees seeking a tranquil lifestyle.
8. Provence, France
For retirees seeking a cultural experience, Provence offers a rich artistic heritage and a mild climate.
9. Santiago, Chile
With its modern healthcare system and vibrant culture, Santiago is an ideal retirement destination for retirees seeking a cosmopolitan lifestyle.
10. Bali, Indonesia
With its tropical climate and rich cultural heritage, Bali is an attractive retirement destination for retirees seeking a relaxing and affordable lifestyle.
Top Retirement Destination #1: Costa Rica
Costa Rica, located in
Central America
between the
Caribbean Sea
and the
Pacific Ocean
, is a popular retirement destination known for its tropical climate and affordable living. The country boasts
two distinct seasons
: a dry season from December to April, and a rainy season from May to November.
Location and climate
Costa Rica’s
tropical climate
ensures year-round warmth, making it an ideal place for those seeking a warm retirement. The country’s diverse geography offers various microclimates, allowing retirees to choose the climate that best suits their preferences.
Cost of living
One of the most significant advantages of retiring in Costa Rica is the
affordable cost of living
. Housing, food, and healthcare are all relatively inexpensive compared to many other retirement destinations.
U.S. dollars
are widely accepted, making the transition to living in Costa Rica easier for many Americans.
Lifestyle and attractions
Costa Rica offers a rich
lifestyle
for retirees. The country’s
biodiversity
is among the richest on the planet, with over 27 national parks and hundreds of miles of beaches. Active retirees will find plenty to do, from hiking and rafting to yoga and golf.
Healthcare
Costa Rica’s healthcare system is one of the best in the world. The country has a high number of
world-class medical facilities
and highly trained medical professionals. Residents can also take advantage of Costa Rica’s
universal healthcare coverage
, ensuring access to quality healthcare for all.
E. Safety and security
Costa Rica is generally considered a safe country, though crime rates can vary from one area to another.
Proactive police presence
in popular expat areas helps ensure the safety and security of retirees. It is essential to do thorough research before choosing a retirement location within Costa Rica.
I Top Retirement Destination #2: Panama
Location and climate:
A. Located in Central America, Panama is a country that boasts a unique geographical position, as it borders both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This strategic location offers a diverse climate, with two distinct regions:
- Tropical: The Caribbean side of Panama is characterized by its tropical climate, with warm temperatures and abundant rainfall year-round. It’s an ideal location for those seeking endless sunshine and a lively, vibrant atmosphere.
- Temperate in the highlands: In contrast, Panama’s highlands enjoy a more temperate climate, with cooler temperatures and less rainfall. This region is perfect for those who prefer milder weather and the beauty of mountains.
B. Cost of living:
1. One of the most appealing aspects of retiring in Panama is its lower cost compared to the United States. This affordability extends beyond just housing, with lower prices for groceries, dining out, and other essentials.
2. Additionally, Panama does not impose income tax on pensions or social security benefits. This means that retirees can enjoy a higher standard of living with their retirement savings and benefits.
Lifestyle and attractions:
1. Panama offers a rich cultural heritage, with historic sites that reflect its Indigenous, European, and African influences. Modern amenities are also abundant, ensuring a comfortable lifestyle for expats.
2. The country’s natural beauty is another major attraction. Retirees can enjoy access to beaches, explore the mountains, and discover various nature reserves. Panama’s diverse landscapes offer endless opportunities for adventure and relaxation.
Healthcare:
1. Panama’s healthcare system is renowned for its modern medical facilities and English-speaking professionals. This ensures that retirees have access to high-quality care, whether they prefer private or public healthcare options.
2. Another significant advantage of Panama’s healthcare system is its affordability. Retirees can choose from various insurance options to suit their needs and budget.
E. Safety and security:
1. While Panama is generally considered safe, it’s essential to be aware of petty crime, particularly in urban areas. However, proactive law enforcement in popular expat areas helps ensure a secure living environment for retirees.
2. Overall, Panama offers an exceptional retirement destination, with its unique location, lower cost of living, rich cultural heritage, modern amenities, and attractive lifestyle options.
Top Retirement Destination #3: Mexico
Location and climate: Mexico, a country located in North America, borders the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. This geographical position offers a varied climate depending on location. Some areas experience tropical temperatures, while others have more moderate climates, making it an attractive destination for retirees seeking both sun and adventure.
Cost of living:
Low cost compared to the U.S. and Canada:
1. Mexico offers a significant cost advantage over retirement destinations in the U.S. and Canada. The cost of living
2. is affordable, making it an attractive choice for retirees seeking to stretch their retirement savings. From affordable housing
3. and food to healthcare services, retirees can enjoy a comfortable lifestyle without breaking the bank.
Lifestyle and attractions:
Rich history, cultural experiences, and vibrant communities:
1. Mexico’s rich history
2. and cultural experiences are a major draw for retirees. The country offers vibrant communities
3. filled with art, music, and traditions that are sure to enrich any retiree’s life.
Access to beaches, mountains, and modern amenities:
4. Mexico offers a diverse range of landscapes, from sandy beaches to rugged mountains. Retirees can enjoy an active lifestyle while taking in the breathtaking scenery.
5. Modern amenities are also readily available, ensuring that retirees have access to the conveniences they need and desire.
Healthcare:
High-quality care with many English-speaking professionals:
2. Mexico offers high-quality healthcare services, making it an attractive destination for retirees. Many healthcare professionals in popular retirement areas are English-speaking
3. and well-versed in treating expats, ensuring that retirees receive the best possible care.
Affordable healthcare and various insurance options:
4. Healthcare costs in Mexico are significantly lower than in the U.S. and Canada, making it an affordable option for retirees seeking to budget for their healthcare expenses.
5. Various insurance options are also available, providing retirees with peace of mind and flexibility in choosing their healthcare coverage.
E. Safety and security:
Some areas can be dangerous, but most expat communities are secure:
2. While some areas of Mexico may have higher crime rates, the vast majority of popular retirement destinations are safe and secure for expats. Proactive law enforcement and safety measures in these areas help ensure that retirees can live comfortably and peacefully.
Top Retirement Destination #4:: Spain
Location and Climate
Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea
Spain’s location in southern Europe, with its coastline along the Mediterranean Sea, makes it an attractive retirement destination.
Climate
Mediterranean climate:
with hot summers and mild winters
The climate in Spain is another major draw for retirees. The Mediterranean climate ensures hot summers and mild winters, making it an ideal place for those seeking a comfortable living environment year-round.
Cost of Living
Cost of living:
Lower cost compared to the U.S., but higher than Eastern Europe
Despite being in Europe, Spain offers a lower cost of living compared to the United States. However, it’s essential to note that the costs are still higher than some Eastern European countries.
Affordable housing, food, and healthcare
Some of the expenses that are relatively affordable in Spain include housing, food, and healthcare. Retirees can find reasonable rents or purchase properties at attractive prices, while the cost of groceries is generally lower than in the U.S. Healthcare is another advantage, with universal coverage for residents and high-quality care from English-speaking professionals.
Lifestyle and Attractions
Lifestyle and attractions:
Rich history, cultural experiences, and delicious cuisine
Retirees in Spain can enjoy a rich cultural experience with historical sites, festivals, and traditions. The country’s delicious cuisine is also a major draw, offering various local dishes that cater to all tastes.
Access to beautiful beaches, mountains, and modern amenities
From beautiful beaches to majestic mountains, Spain has a diverse landscape that caters to various preferences. Modern amenities and infrastructure are also widely available throughout the country.
Healthcare
Healthcare:
Universal healthcare coverage for residents
Spain’s universal healthcare system ensures that all residents, including retirees, have access to medical care. The coverage includes visits to doctors, specialist appointments, medications, and even dental and optical services.
High-quality care with English-speaking professionals
The high-quality of healthcare in Spain is another significant advantage for retirees. Many professionals speak English, ensuring effective communication during appointments and consultations.
Safety and Security
E. Safety and security:
Generally considered safe, but pickpocketing and theft can occur in tourist areas
While Spain is generally considered a safe country, retirees should still take precautions against petty crimes such as pickpocketing and theft, particularly in crowded tourist areas.
Proactive law enforcement and safety measures in popular expat neighborhoods
Local authorities and communities have implemented proactive measures to ensure the safety of expat neighborhoods, including increased law enforcement presence and security systems in residential complexes.
VI. Top Retirement Destination #5: Portugal
Location and Climate:
Portugal, a country situated in Europe, is blessed with an enviable location as it borders the Atlantic Ocean. This geographical advantage contributes to its unique Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by hot summers and mild winters. The climate makes Portugal an ideal destination for retirees seeking a comfortable living environment throughout the year.
Cost of Living:
Cost:
Compared to other countries in Western Europe and the U.S., Portugal offers a significantly lower cost of living. Retirees can enjoy affordable housing, food, and healthcare, making it an attractive choice for those looking to stretch their retirement savings.
Affordable Housing:
Property prices in Portugal are generally lower than those in many other European countries and the U.S., allowing retirees to purchase a comfortable home at a reasonable price.
Affordable Food:
Portuguese cuisine is delicious and diverse, and the cost of eating out or purchasing groceries is relatively low compared to other retirement destinations.
Affordable Healthcare:
Healthcare in Portugal is high-quality and affordable, with universal healthcare coverage available for residents. Many healthcare professionals speak English, ensuring that retirees receive effective care and communication.
Lifestyle and Attractions:
Lifestyle:
Portugal offers a rich tapestry of history, cultural experiences, and delicious cuisine. Retirees can immerse themselves in the country’s unique heritage while enjoying a comfortable and relaxed lifestyle.
Rich History:
From ancient ruins to beautiful architecture, Portugal’s history is an intriguing mix of Roman, Moorish, and European influences.
Cultural Experiences:
The country’s vibrant arts scene, festivals, and traditions provide endless opportunities for cultural exploration.
Delicious Cuisine:
Portuguese cuisine is renowned for its bold flavors and fresh ingredients, offering retirees a delightful culinary adventure.
Healthcare:
Universal Coverage and High-Quality Care:
Portugal’s universal healthcare system provides comprehensive coverage for residents, ensuring access to high-quality care when needed.
Universal Healthcare Coverage:
All residents of Portugal are eligible for healthcare coverage, which includes a range of services from routine check-ups to specialized treatments.
High-Quality Care:
Portuguese hospitals and clinics are well-equipped and staffed with professionals who offer high-quality care in a patient-focused environment.
E. Safety and Security:
Safety:
Portugal is generally considered a safe country, but like any destination, retirees should take standard precautions to protect themselves from crime. Pickpocketing and theft can occur in tourist areas, particularly during peak travel seasons.
Proactive Law Enforcement:
Local law enforcement agencies are proactive in their efforts to prevent crime and maintain safety in popular expat neighborhoods.
Safety Measures:
Many residential areas have security measures in place, such as gated communities and 24-hour security personnel, to ensure the safety and peace of mind for residents.
V Top Retirement Destination #6: Thailand
Location and climate: Located in Southeast Asia, Thailand is a country that borders both the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. The tropical climate offers hot temperatures year-round, making it an ideal retirement destination for those seeking warm weather.
1.1 Southeast Asia
1.2 Bordering the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea: The country’s location provides easy access to beautiful beaches, clear waters, and an abundance of marine life. Additionally, Thailand’s proximity to other countries in Southeast Asia makes it a great base for exploring the region.
Cost of living
Extremely low cost: Compared to countries like the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe, Thailand has an extremely low cost of living. This affordability makes it an attractive retirement destination for many people.
2.1 Affordable housing:
Housing costs are significantly lower in Thailand than in other developed countries. Many retirees opt to live in gated communities or condominiums, which offer a sense of security and amenities at an affordable price.
2.2 Affordable food:
Eating out or purchasing groceries is also very affordable in Thailand. The country’s delicious cuisine is a draw for many retirees, and the low cost makes it easy to enjoy Thai food regularly.
2.3 Affordable healthcare:
Healthcare in Thailand is also affordable, with many international hospitals and clinics available for retirees who want access to high-quality care.
Lifestyle and attractions
Rich cultural experiences: Thailand offers a wealth of cultural experiences, from visiting beautiful temples and historical sites to immersing oneself in the local customs and traditions.
1.1 Delicious cuisine:
The country’s delicious cuisine is another major attraction for retirees, with a wide variety of flavors and dishes to explore.
1.2 Beautiful temples:
Thailand is home to thousands of stunning temples, many of which offer a peaceful and spiritual retreat for retirees seeking a more relaxing lifestyle.
Access to stunning beaches, mountains, and modern amenities:
Thailand offers a wide range of attractions for retirees, from beautiful beaches and clear waters to majestic mountains and modern cities. This diversity makes it easy for retirees to find activities that suit their interests.
Healthcare
Improving healthcare system: Thailand’s healthcare system is continuously improving, with affordable prices and various international hospitals and clinics available for retirees.
2.1 Various international hospitals and clinics:
Some of the top international hospitals and clinics in Asia are located in Thailand, providing retirees with access to high-quality care at affordable prices.
E. Safety and security
Some areas can be dangerous: While some areas of Thailand may pose safety concerns, most expat communities are secure and offer a sense of safety for retirees.
1.1 Proactive law enforcement:
Law enforcement in Thailand is proactive, with a focus on preventing crime rather than just responding to it. This approach helps ensure that retirees feel safe and secure in their retirement communities.
1.2 Safety measures:
Popular retirement destinations in Thailand have implemented various safety measures, such as gated communities and security guards, to help protect residents from crime and other dangers.
Proactive law enforcement and safety measures:
With improving healthcare, affordable cost of living, rich cultural experiences, beautiful attractions, and a focus on safety and security, it’s no wonder that Thailand is a top retirement destination for many people.
VI Top Retirement Destination #7: Malaysia
Location and climate
Malaysia, located in Southeast Asia, is a tropical paradise that borders both the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. This strategically important country boasts a tropical climate with temperatures remaining hot year-round and rainfall throughout the year, providing ample opportunities for enjoying the lush landscapes.
Cost of living
One of the most appealing aspects of retiring in Malaysia is its affordable cost of living. Compared to many Western countries, everyday expenses are significantly lower. For instance, housing is reasonable and varied, with everything from high-rise apartments in major cities to affordable houses in rural areas. Food is another delight, with a diverse range of delicious local cuisine available at an economical price. Healthcare is also a bargain, offering both affordable prices and professional, English-speaking staff in improving facilities.
Lifestyle and attractions
Retirees in Malaysia are treated to a rich tapestry of cultural experiences. The country’s unique blend of influences, including Malay, Chinese, Indian, and European, is evident in the diverse population and architecture. Delicious cuisine is a highlight, showcasing flavors from all corners of Malaysia’s multicultural heritage. The natural beauty of the country is another major draw, with stunning beaches, mountains, and modern amenities readily available for exploration.
Healthcare
Malaysia’s healthcare system is continually improving, offering retirees peace of mind at an affordable cost. Prices for medical services are significantly lower than in most Western countries, making it possible to access high-quality care without financial burden. Additionally, many international hospitals and clinics have set up operations within the country, ensuring that English-speaking professionals are readily available for those seeking specialized care.
Safety and security
Malaysia is generally considered a safe retirement destination, but petty crime can occur in tourist areas. However, the local authorities have taken proactive measures to ensure safety and security for both locals and expats. Popular expat neighborhoods are equipped with modern amenities and enhanced security measures, providing a sense of comfort and peace of mind for retirees looking to enjoy their golden years in this beautiful Southeast Asian nation.
IX. Top Retirement Destination #8: Colombia
Location and climate: Situated in South America, Colombia is a vibrant country that boasts a diverse landscape, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Depending on the specific location within Colombia, retirees can enjoy a range of climates, from tropical to cool mountainous regions.
Benefits at a Glance:
- South America, Caribbean Sea, and Pacific Ocean
- Varied climates
Cost of Living:
Low cost compared to Western countries:
One of the most significant advantages of retiring in Colombia is the affordable cost of living. Compared to many Western countries, housing, food, and healthcare are all relatively inexpensive.
Lifestyle and Attractions:
Rich history, cultural experiences, and delicious cuisine:
Colombia offers a rich tapestry of culture, history, and gastronomic delights. Retirees can immerse themselves in the country’s vibrant arts scene, learn about its fascinating history, and savor the delicious local cuisine.
Some popular cultural experiences include:
- Visiting the stunning Lost City, a pre-Columbian archaeological site in the jungle
- Attending the annual Carnaval de Barranquilla, a world-renowned festival celebrating Afro-Colombian culture
- Exploring the charming colonial town of Carthagena
Access to stunning landscapes, beaches, and mountains:
Colombia’s diverse geography offers retirees ample opportunities for adventure and relaxation. From the pristine beaches of the Caribbean coast to the breathtaking mountain vistas, there’s something for everyone.
Healthcare:
Improving healthcare system with affordable prices and English-speaking professionals:
Colombia’s healthcare system is improving, offering retirees high-quality care at affordable prices. Many hospitals and clinics employ English-speaking professionals to cater to the growing expat population.
Some notable healthcare facilities include:
- Clinica Bavaria in Medellín, which offers world-class medical care and a modern facility
- Hospital Metropolitano in Bogotá, which is known for its excellent cardiology department
- Clinica Las Américas in Cali, which provides comprehensive medical services in a comfortable, patient-focused environment
E. Safety and Security:
Some areas can be dangerous, but most expat communities are secure:
It is essential to acknowledge that some parts of Colombia can be dangerous due to criminal activity. However, the majority of retirement destinations are safe for expats, with proactive law enforcement and safety measures in place.
F. Conclusion:
Colombia offers retirees an enticing blend of affordability, adventure, culture, and natural beauty. With its improving healthcare system, diverse climate, and rich history, this South American gem is a top retirement destination worth considering.
X. Top Retirement Destination #9: New Zealand
Location and Climate
New Zealand, located in the Pacific Ocean and the Southern Hemisphere, is a temperate country with a mild climate that attracts many retirees. The country experiences ample rainfall and has distinct seasons, making it an ideal destination for those seeking diverse weather conditions.
Cost of Living
The cost of living in New Zealand is higher compared to some retirement destinations, but the country offers affordable healthcare. Housing costs can be expensive in popular areas, especially in cities like Auckland and Wellington.
Lifestyle and Attractions
New Zealand’s rich cultural experiences, stunning landscapes, and beautiful beaches make it a popular retirement destination. Expats can enjoy access to modern amenities, world-class wine regions, and various outdoor activities like hiking, fishing, and skiing.
Healthcare
New Zealand offers universal healthcare coverage for residents, with some costs for certain services. The country’s healthcare system is known for its high-quality care and English-speaking professionals, providing peace of mind for retirees.
Safety and Security
Despite being generally considered safe, crime rates in New Zealand are higher compared to some retirement destinations. However, proactive law enforcement and safety measures in popular expat neighborhoods ensure a secure living environment for retirees.
XI. Top Retirement Destination #10: Australia
Australia, located in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, is a popular retirement destination for those seeking a rich blend of culture, stunning landscapes, modern amenities, and outdoor activities. With its diverse climates depending on the location, it offers something for everyone.
Location and Climate
Being part of the Oceania region, Australia provides a unique geographical position that offers various climate zones. From the tropical north to the temperate south, retirees can choose their preferred climate based on personal preference.
Cost of Living
Compared to some retirement destinations, the cost of living in Australia can be higher. However, there are advantages such as affordable healthcare that offsets some expenses. While housing and food costs may be more expensive, retirees can still maintain a comfortable lifestyle with careful budgeting.
Lifestyle and Attractions
Australia offers a wealth of experiences for retirees. Rich cultural experiences can be found in its diverse cities, while stunning landscapes, beautiful beaches, and natural wonders provide endless opportunities for exploration. Retirees can also enjoy access to modern amenities, making daily life convenient and comfortable.
Healthcare
Australia offers universal healthcare coverage for its residents, known as Medicare. While some services require additional costs, the overall quality of care is high with English-speaking professionals ensuring effective communication and understanding.
E. Safety and Security
Australia is generally considered a safe country for retirees, but like any location, crime exists. It’s important for retirees to take standard precautions and be aware of their surroundings. Overall, Australia provides a balanced retirement experience with ample opportunities for personal growth and relaxation.
